International Journal Of Coastal, Offshore And Environmental Engineering(ijcoe)

International Journal Of Coastal, Offshore And Environmental Engineering(ijcoe)

Numerical modelling the effect of wind on Water Level and Evaporation Rate in the Persian Gulf

Authors
Omid Mahpeykar 1
Mohammad Reza Khalilabadi 2
1 Khorramshahr University of marine science and technology
2 Malek-Ashtar University of Technology
10.22034/ijcoe.2021.149358
Abstract
Evaporation is one of the most important quantities in the marine climate, and in the Persian Gulf, this parameter makes it one of the saltiest free waters in the world. Evaporation estimation is essential for water balance studies, irrigation, and land resource planning. Persian Gulf is known as shallow water and therefore has a high temperature in summer, which increases the rate of evaporation and high salinity up to 50PPT. In this study, the effect of wind speed and direction on the rate of evaporation in the Persian Gulf, assuming that there is no water inflow into the basin, was investigated using numerical modelling. Mike model is based on the three-dimensional solution of the Navier Stokes equations, assumption of incompressibility, Boussinesq approximation, and hydrostatic pressure. The effects of wind on evaporation at four different wind speeds and four different wind directions have been investigated. Results show the wind direction has little effect on evaporation, but wind speed has significant changes on evaporation rate and water level, and these changes are nonlinearly related to water temperature so that in summer the evaporation rate increases faster with increasing temperature.
Keywords
Persian Gulf
Water level
wind
Numerical modelling
  1. Kohler, M.A., Nordenson, T.J. and Fox, W.E. (1955), Evaporation from pans and lakes, U.S. Dept. Commerce Res.p.38.
  2. Guitjens, J.C., (1982), Models of Alfalfa yield and evapotranspiration, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 108(IR3), 212- 222. [DOI:10.1061/JRCEA4.0001389]
  3. Fritschen, L.J., (1966), Energy balance method, Proceedings, American Society of Agricultural
  4. Engineers Conference on Evapotranspiration and its role in Water Resources Management, December 5±6, Chicago, IL. St. Joseph, MI., 34-37.
  5. Harbeck Jr, G.E., (1962), A practical field technique for measuring reservoir evaporation utilizing [DOI:10.3133/pp272E]
  6. mass-transfer theory, U.S. Geol. Surv., Paper 272-E, 101-105.
  7. Shuttleworth, W.J. and Wallace, J.S., (1984), Evaporation from sparse crops Ð an energy combination theory, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 111: 839-855. [DOI:10.1002/qj.49711146910]
  8. Singh, V.P. and Xu, C.Y., (1997), Evaluation and Generalization of 13 Equations for Determining Free Water Evaporation, Hydrol. Processes, 11: 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970315)11:3<311::AID-HYP446>3.0.CO;2-Y [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970315)11:33.0.CO;2-Y]
  9. Csanady, G.T., (2001), Air-Sea Interaction Laws and Mechanisms, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, 239. [DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139164672]
  10. Emery, K.O., (1956), Sediments and water of the Persian Gulf, AAPG Bull., 40, 2354-2383. [DOI:10.1306/5CEAE595-16BB-11D7-8645000102C1865D]
  11. Yao, F., 2008, Water Mass Formation and Circulation in the Persian Gulf and Water Exchange with the Indian Ocean (PhD thesis), University of Miami. 162 p.
  12. Rochford, D. J., (1964), Salinity maxima in the upper 1000 meters of the north Indian Ocean, Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res, 15, 1-24. [DOI:10.1071/MF9640001]
  13. Wyrtki, K., (1973), Physical oceanography of the Indian Ocean, in The Biology of the Indian Ocean, vol. 3, pp. 18-36. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-65468-8_3]
  14. Bower, A.S., Hunt, H.D. and Price, J.F. (2000), Character and dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf outflows, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6387-6414. [DOI:10.1029/1999JC900297]
  15. Prasad, T.G., Ikeda, M. and Kumar, S.P., (2001), Seasonal spreading of the Persian Gulf Water mass in the Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17,059-17,073. [DOI:10.1029/2000JC000480]
  16. Privett, D.W., (1959), Monthly charts of evaporation from the North Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 424-428. [DOI:10.1002/qj.49708536614]
  17. Hastenrath, S. and Lamb, P.J., (1979), Climatic Atlas of the Indian Ocean, Part I: Surface Climate and Atmospheric Circulation. University of Wisconsin Press.
  18. Xue, P. and Eltahir. E.A.B., (2015), Estimation of the Heat and Water Budgets of the Persian Gulf Using a Regional Climate Model, American Meteorological Society, Volume 28, 5041-5062. [DOI:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00189.1]
  19. Kampf, J. and Sadrinasab, M., (2006), The circulation of the Persian Gulf: A numerical study, Ocean Sci., 2, 1-15. [DOI:10.5194/os-2-27-2006]
  20. Dabestani, M., MohammadMahdizadeh, M., Gheybi, A., Azizpour, J., (2018), Investigation of Sea Surface Salinity in the Persian Gulf Using Data of MODIS and AMSU-B Sensors, Hydrophysics, 23;4(1):95-104.
  21. Azizpour, J., SiadatMousavi, S.M., Chegini, V., (2015), Study of Physical Oceanographic Parameters in the Strait of Hormuz, Hydrophysics, 1;1(1):15-24.
  22. MIKE 21 & MIKE 3 FLOW MODEL FM, Hydrodynamic and Transport Module, Scientific Documentation, (2012)
  23. Reynolds, R. M., (1993), Physical oceanography of the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and the Gulf of Oman - Results from the Mt Mitchell expedition, Mar. Pollution Bull., 27, 35-59. [DOI:10.1016/0025-326X(93)90007-7]
  24. Pous, S., Lazre, P., Carton, X., (2015), A model of the general circulation in the Persian Gulf and in the Strait of Hormuz: Intraseasonal to interannual variability, Continental Shelf Research, 94, 55-70. [DOI:10.1016/j.csr.2014.12.008]
  25. Yao, F., Johns, W.E., (2010), A HYCOM modeling study of the Persian Gulf. 2. Formation and export of Persian Gulf Water, J. Geophys. Res. 115, C11018. [DOI:10.1029/2009JC005788]
  26. Xue, P., Eltahir, E.A.B, Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Wei, J., (2014), Local feedback mechanisms of the shallow water region around the Maritime Continent. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 6933-6951. [DOI:10.1002/2013JC009700]
  27. Yu, L., Weller, R.A., (2007), Objectively analyzed air-sea heat fluxes for the global ice-free oceans (1981-2005), Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 527-539. [DOI:10.1175/BAMS-88-4-527]
  28. Yu, L., (2007), Global Variations in Oceanic Evaporation (1958-2005): The Role of the Changing Wind Speed, Journal of Climate, 20(21), 5376-5390. [DOI:10.1175/2007JCLI1714.1]