International Journal Of Coastal, Offshore And Environmental Engineering(ijcoe)

Lake Urmia (LU), the largest saltwater lake in the Middle East and the second-largest hypersaline lake in the world, is located in northwestern Iran and stands as a striking example of an environmental tragedy in the region. LU is recognized as a biosphere reserve and national park by UNESCO under the 1971 Ramsar Convention. This lake is a crucial ecological and socio-economic resource for Iran, providing essential habitat for a wide range of species. It plays a significant role in climate regulation and serves as a natural barrier against desertification. Between 1995 and 2014, the water level of LU experienced a significant decline of 7.7 m, dropping from 1277.85 m to 1270.08 m above mean sea level. During this period, the lake's surface area decreased by 88%, equivalent to 5,000 km², due to the combined effects of climate change and human activities. This dramatic reduction has led to considerable hydrological, ecological, and economic challenges in northwestern Iran. The expansion of agricultural activities, consecutive droughts, high evaporation rates, and the construction of numerous dams have likely contributed to the lake's declining water levels and deteriorating water quality, resulting in salinity levels reaching as high as 400 g/L.

In October 2013, the Lake Urmia Restoration Plan (LURP) was initiated as a comprehensive 10-year program, structured into three main phases: Stabilization Phase (2014–2016): Aimed at maintaining the lake's water level at a critical health threshold (1271.72 m) to mitigate adverse environmental effects, such as dust storms. Restoration Phase (2016–2023): Focused on meeting the lake's water demands and gradually increasing its level to reach 1273.7 m. Final Restoration Phase (2023–2024): Intended to stabilize the lake at an optimal ecological level (1274.1 m) to ensure ecosystem integrity, protect biodiversity, improve environmental quality, and ensure ecosystem stability.

Despite these efforts, the lake's water level has not met the expected conditions. Although there was temporary stabilization in 2016 due to the release of 0.3 km³/year of water from upstream reservoirs, the lake still did not reach the planned level. Key corrective actions since 2014 have included improving irrigation efficiency, modifying cropping patterns, and preventing the overexploitation of water resources. The restoration of LU is crucial not only for preserving its unique ecosystem but also for ensuring the livelihood of millions who depend on its resources. This Special Issue seeks to bring together leading researchers and practitioners to explore innovative approaches to restoring LU and to share insights on sustainable management practices that can prevent its desiccation and mitigate associated risks.