The Application of Energy Absorbers to Harness Wave Energy in the Caspian Sea: A Feasibility Study

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Renewable Energies and Environment Dep, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 University of Tehran

Abstract

Since renewable energy can be a good solution to respond to oil crises, the disadvantages of using them and increasing energy demand in a sustainable way in the future, and because the oceans cover two-thirds of the earth's surface, harnessing the energy of the oceans can be a source of green energy for coastal areas. At present, the generation of electricity from ocean waves by wave energy converters is considered as a potential future energy source in many countries. Currently, the electricity generation from ocean waves by wave energy converters is considered as a potential future energy source in many countries. Therefore this study aims to investigate the potential of wave energy in the Caspian Sea from the Iranian perspective, and in the next step, propose a framework to select an absorber to harvest this energy. Although there are studies to assess the potential of wave energy in this region,but none of them considered more than one type of absorber in the models. To this aim, the wind data samples of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts are used to model the Caspian sea by implementing Mike 21 software from which the power and height of waves data are obtained within the years 2001 to 2015. Based on the results of this phase and the geographical conditions, a weighting framework is applied to select an absorber for harvesting wave energy. The results indicate that the best technology to harness energy in the Caspian Sea is the WEPTOS absorber. This technology benefits from low complexity while offering high efficiency.

Keywords

References

1- S. Foteinis, J. Hancock, N. Mazarakis, T. Tsoutsos, and C. E. Synolakis, “A comparative analysis of wave power in the nearshore by WAM estimates and in-situ (AWAC) measurements. The case study of Varkiza, Athens, Greece,” Energy, vol. 138, pp. 500–508, Nov. 2017.
2- “Outlook for Energy: A perspective to 2040 | ExxonMobil.” [Online]. Available: https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/Energy-and-environment/Looking-forward/Outlook-for-Energy/Outlook-for-Energy-A-perspective-to-2040#Buildingaperspective. [Accessed: 15-Sep-2020].
3- S. M. Mortazavi, A. Maleki, and H. Yousefi, “Analysis of robustness of the Chinese economy and energy supply/demand fluctuations,” Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 147–159, 2019.
4- E. Ahmadi, B. McLellan, S. Ogata, B. Mohammadi-Ivatloo, and T. Tezuka, “An integrated planning framework for sustainable water and energy supply,” Sustain., vol. 12, no. 10, 2020.
5- J. C. S. Barstow, G. Mørk, D. Mollison, “The Wave Energy Resource,” Ocean wave energy, Springer, pp. 93–132, 2008.
6- O. Langhamer, K. Haikonen, and J. Sundberg, “Wave power-Sustainable energy or environmentally costly? A review with special emphasis on linear wave energy converters,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1329–1335, 2010.
7- A. F. de O. Falcão, “Wave energy utilization: A review of the technologies,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 899–918, Apr. 2010.
8- B. Drew, A. R. Plummer, and M. N. Sahinkaya, “A review of wave energy converter technology,” vol. 223, pp. 887–902, 2009.
9- R. Pelc and R. M. Fujita, “Renewable energy from the ocean,” Mar. Policy, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 471–479, 2002.
10 M. Mohammadi, R. Ghasempour, F. Razi Astaraei, E. Ahmadi, A. Aligholian, and A. Toopshekan, “Optimal planning of renewable energy resource for a residential house considering economic and reliability criteria,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 96, no. September 2017, pp. 261–273, 2018.
11- N. Ghorbani, A. Kasaeian, A. Toopshekan, L. Bahrami, and A. Maghami, “Optimizing a hybrid wind-PV-battery system using GA-PSO and MOPSO for reducing cost and increasing reliability,” Energy, vol. 154, pp. 581–591, 2018.
12- M. Leijon, H. Bernhoff, M. Berg, and O. Ågren, “Economical considerations of renewable electric energy production—especially development of wave energy,” Renew. Energy, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1201–1209, 2003.
13- A. Rashid and S. Hasanzadeh, “Status and potentials of offshore wave energy resources in Chahbahar area (NW Omman Sea),” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 4876–4883, 2011.
14- S. M. Mortazavi and S. Garoosi, “Role of Energy Supply and demand Fluctuations in Macroeconomic Development of Iran,” vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 85–92, 2019.
15- S. C. Pryor and R. J. Barthelmie, “Climate change impacts on wind energy: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 430–437, 2010.
16- M. Mehrpooya, M. Mohammadi, and E. Ahmadi, “Techno-economic-environmental study of hybrid power supply system: A case study in Iran,” Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments, vol. 25, no. September 2016, pp. 1–10, 2018.
17- G. Iglesias, M. López, R. Carballo, A. Castro, J. A. Fraguela, and P. Frigaard, “Wave energy potential in Galicia (NW Spain),” Renew. Energy, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 2323–2333, 2009.
18- M. Bahrami and P. Abbaszadeh, “An overview of renewable energies in Iran,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 24, no. 2013, pp. 198–208, 2013.
19- M. A. Mustapa, O. B. Yaakob, Y. M. Ahmed, C. K. Rheem, K. K. Koh, and F. A. Adnan, “Wave energy device and breakwater integration: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 77, no. September 2015, pp. 43–58, 2017.
20- A. Al-Habaibeh, D. Su, J. McCague, and A. Knight, “An innovative approach for energy generation from waves,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 1664–1668, 2010.
21- F. He, Z. Huang, and A. W. Law, “An experimental study of a floating breakwater with asymmetric pneumatic chambers for wave energy extraction,” Appl. Energy, vol. 106, pp. 222–231, 2013.
22- J. M. B. P. Cruz and A. J. N. A. Sarmento, “Sea state characterisation of the test site of an offshore wave energy plant,” Ocean Eng., vol. 34, no. 5–6, pp. 763–775, 2007.
23- J. P. Kofoed, P. Frigaard, E. Friis-Madsen, and H. C. Sørensen, “Prototype testing of the wave energy converter wave dragon,” Renew. Energy, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 181–189, Feb. 2006.
24- I. López, J. Andreu, S. Ceballos, I. Martínez de Alegría, and I. Kortabarria, “Review of wave energy technologies and the necessary power-equipment,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 27, pp. 413–434, Nov. 2013.
25- D. Khojasteh, D. Khojasteh, R. Kamali, A. Beyene, and G. Iglesias, “Assessment of renewable energy resources in Iran; with a focus on wave and tidal energy,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 81, no. December 2016, pp. 2992–3005, 2018.
26- S. Hadadpour, A. Etemad-Shahidi, E. Jabbari, and B. Kamranzad, “Wave energy and hot spots in Anzali port,” Energy, vol. 74, pp. 529–536, 2014.
27- M. Majidi Nezhad, D. Groppi, and G. Piras, “Nearshore Wave Energy Assessment of Iranian Coastlines,” pp. 1–8, 2018.
28- R. Alamian, R. Shafaghat, S. S. Hosseini, and A. Zainali, “Wave energy potential along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea,” Int. J. Mar. Energy, vol. 19, pp. 221–234, 2017.
29- B. Kamranzad, A. Etemad-Shahidi, and V. Chegini, “Sustainability of wave energy resources in southern Caspian Sea,” Energy, vol. 97, pp. 549–559, 2016.
30- A. Saket and A. Etemad-Shahidi, “Wave energy potential along the northern coasts of the Gulf of Oman, Iran,” Renew. Energy, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 90–97, 2012.
31- T. Whittaker and M. Folley, “Nearshore oscillating wave surge converters and the development of Oyster,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., vol. 370, no. 1959, pp. 345–364, 2012.
32- D. P. Cashman, M. G. Egan, and J. G. Hayes, “Modelling and Analysis of an Offshore Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converter,” Measurement, pp. 1–10, 2009.
33- L. Wang, A. Kolios, L. Cui, and Q. Sheng, “Flexible multibody dynamics modelling of point-absorber wave energy converters,” Renew. Energy, vol. 127, pp. 790–801, 2018.
34- Bevilacqua.G and Zanuttigh.B, “Overtopping Wave Energy Converters : general aspects and stage of development,” Int. Coast. Eng. Proc., no. 1, p. 21, 2011.
35- L. Rusu and C. Guedes Soares, “Wave energy assessments in the Azores islands,” Renew. Energy, vol. 45, pp. 183–196, 2012.
36- G. Kim, W. M. Jeong, K. S. Lee, K. Jun, and M. E. Lee, “Offshore and nearshore wave energy assessment around the Korean Peninsula,” Energy, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 1460–1469, 2011.
37- Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI), “Mike 21 Wave Modelling,” Dhi, pp. 1–18, 2009.
38- L. B. M. Andersen M, Argyriadis K, Butterfield S, Fonseca N, Kuroiwa T, “Ocean Wind and Wave Energy Utilization,” vol. 2, no. August, 2006.
39- M. Previsic, “Wave power technologies,” Proc. 2005 Int. Conf. Futur. power Syst. IEEE, 2005.
40- S. M. Polinder H, “Wave energy converters and their impact on power systems,” Proc. 2005 Int. Conf. Futur. power Syst., pp. 1–9, 2005.
41- A. Clément et al., “Wave energy in Europe: current status and perspectives,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 405–431, 2002.
42- C. Retzler, “Measurements of the slow drift dynamics of a model Pelamis wave energy converter,” Renew. Energy, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 257–269, Feb. 2006.
43- J. Peter and P. Bak, “Near-Shore Floating Wave Energy Converters,” Coast. Eng., 2011.
44-A. Pecher, J. P. Kofoed, and T. Larsen, “Experimental Study of the Weptos Wave Energy Converter,” 31th Int. Conf. Ocean. Offshore Arct. Eng. OMAE, pp. 1–11, 2012.
45- V. Heller, J. Chaplin, and F. Farley, “Physical model tests of the anaconda wave energy converter,” Proc. 1st IAHR Eur. Congr., vol. 1, pp. 3–8, 2000.
46- M. Ruellan, H. Ben Ahmed, B. Multon, C. Josset, A. Babarit, and A. H. Clément, “Design Methodology for a SEAREV Wave Energy Converter,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 760–767, 2010.
47- S. Duck, “Edinburgh Wave Power Group, Salter Duck.” [Online]. Available: http://www.mech.ed.ac.uk/research/wavepower/.
48- T. W. Thorpe, “A Brief Review of Wave Energy,” Tech. Rep. ETSU-R120, no. May, p. 200, 1999.
49- T. Mäki, M. Vuorinen, T. Mucha, and T. Waveroller, “WaveRoller – One of the Leading Technologies for Wave Energy Conversion,” 5th Int. Conf. Ocean Energy, no. November, pp. 4–6, 2014.
50- T. Whittaker, D. Collier, M. Folley, M. Osterried, and A. Henry, “The development of Oyster - A shallow water surging wave energy converter ,” 7th Eur. Wave Tidal Energy Conf., no. January 2017, 2007.
51- F. Zabihian and A. S. Fung, “Review of marine renewable energies: Case study of Iran,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 2461–2474, 2011.
52- B. S. Holmes B, “State of the Art Analysis - A Cautiously Optimistic Review of the Technical Status of Wave Energy Technology,” EU Proj. Rep., pp. 1–111, 2009.
53- M. Previsic, R. Bedard, and G. Hagerman, “E2I EPRI Assessment Offshore Wave Energy Conversion Devices,” E2I EPRI WP – 004 – US – Rev 1, pp. 1–52, 2004.
54- J. Weber, F. Mouwen,  a. Parish, and D. Robertson, “Wavebob – Research & Development Network and Tools in the Context of Systems Engineering,” Ewtec, no. Proc. of the 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conf., Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 416–420, 2009.
55- M. Prado, “Archimedes wave swing (AWS),” Ocean wave energy, Springer, Berlin, pp. 297–304, 2008.
56- J. F. Childs, “THE ROLE OF CONVERTERS & THEIR CONTROL IN THE RECOVERY OF WAVE & WIND ENERGY,” Proc. IEE Colloq. power Electron. Renew. energy, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 23–25, 1997.
 
57- T. J. T. Whittaker, W. Beattie, M. Folley, C. Boake,  a Wright, and M. Osterried, “The Limpet Wave Power Project – The First Years Of Operation,” Scottish Hydraul. Study Gr. - Semin. Hydraul. Asp. Renew. Energy, no. 1997, pp. 1–8, 2004.
58- Y. Torre-Enciso, I. Ortubia, L. I. López de Aguileta, and J. Marqués, “Mutriku Wave Power Plant: from the thinking out to the reality,” 8th Eur. Wave Tidal Energy Conf. (EWTEC 2009), pp. 319–328, 2009.
59- Y. Washio, H. Osawa, and T. Ogata, “The open sea tests of the offshore floating type wave power device ‘mighty whale’ - Characteristics of wave energy absorption and power generation,” Ocean. Conf. Rec., vol. 1, pp. 579–585, 2001.
60- J. P. Kofoed, P. Frigaard, E. Friis-Madsen, and H. C. Sørensen, “Prototype testing of the wave energy converter wave dragon,” Renew. Energy, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 181–189, 2006.
61- de O. F. A. Evans DV, Hydrodynamics of ocean wave-energy utilization. 1985.
62- D. Vicinanza, L. Margheritini, J. P. Kofoed, and M. Buccino, “The SSG wave energy converter: Performance, status and recent developments,” Energies, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 193–226, 2012.
63- G. Mattiazzo and A. Gulisano, “Wave energy future,” 2016.
64- “WEPTOS Company Website.” [Online]. Available: http://www.weptos.com/.
 
 
 
 
 
 
International Journal Of Coastal, Offshore And Environmental Engineering
Volume 6, Issue 5 - Serial Number 25
Special issue of “Marine Renewable Energy”
November 2021
Pages 39-50

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics